The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria

Francis Chibuike Nwalozie; Ifeanyi Christian Enete

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11

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The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria

Francis Chibuike Nwalozie, Ifeanyi Christian Enete

Published in International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 11, Issue 4)

Received: 9 January 2023 Accepted: 13 February 2023 Published: 24 July 2023

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Abstract

Urbanisation over the past hundred years has caused environmental and thermal influences underground; yet little knowledge exists about subsurface warming in Enugu, despite previous studies confirming the presence of urban heat island in the area. This study analysed the subsurface urban heat island intensity in Enugu urban, using secondary urban subsoil temperature data set that was sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency over 21 years (2000-2020). With an application known as grid, the rural subsoil temperature data set was gotten by downscaling that of the urban which is 40 km away. The statistical technique employed was Welch’s t-test. The study showed that the annual mean urban subsoil temperatures were generally warmer than that of the rural subsoil temperatures, with a mean difference or subsurface urban heat island intensity of 0.4°C. From the study, it was clear that the urban heat island effect occurred in the subsurface in Enugu, as it does above the ground. This study, to define urban and rural better, suggests that the use of the Local Climate Zone classification scheme should be considered in further research. A joint investigation of the three urban heat island categories in Enugu should also receive top priority in subsequent studies.

Published in	International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy (Volume 11, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11
Page(s)	57-62
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Enugu, Subsurface, Urban Heat Island Intensity, Urbanisation, Welch’s T-test

References

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APA Style

Francis Chibuike Nwalozie, Ifeanyi Christian Enete. (2023). The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 11(4), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11

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ACS Style

Francis Chibuike Nwalozie; Ifeanyi Christian Enete. The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Prot. Policy 2023, 11(4), 57-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11

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AMA Style

Francis Chibuike Nwalozie, Ifeanyi Christian Enete. The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. Int J Environ Prot Policy. 2023;11(4):57-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11

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@article{10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11,
  author = {Francis Chibuike Nwalozie and Ifeanyi Christian Enete},
  title = {The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {57-62},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepp.20231104.11},
  abstract = {Urbanisation over the past hundred years has caused environmental and thermal influences underground; yet little knowledge exists about subsurface warming in Enugu, despite previous studies confirming the presence of urban heat island in the area. This study analysed the subsurface urban heat island intensity in Enugu urban, using secondary urban subsoil temperature data set that was sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency over 21 years (2000-2020). With an application known as grid, the rural subsoil temperature data set was gotten by downscaling that of the urban which is 40 km away. The statistical technique employed was Welch’s t-test. The study showed that the annual mean urban subsoil temperatures were generally warmer than that of the rural subsoil temperatures, with a mean difference or subsurface urban heat island intensity of 0.4°C. From the study, it was clear that the urban heat island effect occurred in the subsurface in Enugu, as it does above the ground. This study, to define urban and rural better, suggests that the use of the Local Climate Zone classification scheme should be considered in further research. A joint investigation of the three urban heat island categories in Enugu should also receive top priority in subsequent studies.},
 year = {2023}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria
AU  - Francis Chibuike Nwalozie
AU  - Ifeanyi Christian Enete
Y1  - 2023/07/24
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
SP  - 57
EP  - 62
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7536
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11
AB  - Urbanisation over the past hundred years has caused environmental and thermal influences underground; yet little knowledge exists about subsurface warming in Enugu, despite previous studies confirming the presence of urban heat island in the area. This study analysed the subsurface urban heat island intensity in Enugu urban, using secondary urban subsoil temperature data set that was sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency over 21 years (2000-2020). With an application known as grid, the rural subsoil temperature data set was gotten by downscaling that of the urban which is 40 km away. The statistical technique employed was Welch’s t-test. The study showed that the annual mean urban subsoil temperatures were generally warmer than that of the rural subsoil temperatures, with a mean difference or subsurface urban heat island intensity of 0.4°C. From the study, it was clear that the urban heat island effect occurred in the subsurface in Enugu, as it does above the ground. This study, to define urban and rural better, suggests that the use of the Local Climate Zone classification scheme should be considered in further research. A joint investigation of the three urban heat island categories in Enugu should also receive top priority in subsequent studies.
VL  - 11
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Author Information

Francis Chibuike Nwalozie

Department of Geography and Meteorology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
Ifeanyi Christian Enete

Department of Geography and Meteorology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria

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APA Style

Francis Chibuike Nwalozie, Ifeanyi Christian Enete. (2023). The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy, 11(4), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11

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ACS Style

Francis Chibuike Nwalozie; Ifeanyi Christian Enete. The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. Int. J. Environ. Prot. Policy 2023, 11(4), 57-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11

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AMA Style

Francis Chibuike Nwalozie, Ifeanyi Christian Enete. The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria. Int J Environ Prot Policy. 2023;11(4):57-62. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11,
  author = {Francis Chibuike Nwalozie and Ifeanyi Christian Enete},
  title = {The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria},
  journal = {International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy},
  volume = {11},
  number = {4},
  pages = {57-62},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepp.20231104.11},
  abstract = {Urbanisation over the past hundred years has caused environmental and thermal influences underground; yet little knowledge exists about subsurface warming in Enugu, despite previous studies confirming the presence of urban heat island in the area. This study analysed the subsurface urban heat island intensity in Enugu urban, using secondary urban subsoil temperature data set that was sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency over 21 years (2000-2020). With an application known as grid, the rural subsoil temperature data set was gotten by downscaling that of the urban which is 40 km away. The statistical technique employed was Welch’s t-test. The study showed that the annual mean urban subsoil temperatures were generally warmer than that of the rural subsoil temperatures, with a mean difference or subsurface urban heat island intensity of 0.4°C. From the study, it was clear that the urban heat island effect occurred in the subsurface in Enugu, as it does above the ground. This study, to define urban and rural better, suggests that the use of the Local Climate Zone classification scheme should be considered in further research. A joint investigation of the three urban heat island categories in Enugu should also receive top priority in subsequent studies.},
 year = {2023}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Subsurface Urban Heat Island Intensity in Enugu Urban, Nigeria
AU  - Francis Chibuike Nwalozie
AU  - Ifeanyi Christian Enete
Y1  - 2023/07/24
PY  - 2023
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11
T2  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JF  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
JO  - International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy
SP  - 57
EP  - 62
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-7536
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20231104.11
AB  - Urbanisation over the past hundred years has caused environmental and thermal influences underground; yet little knowledge exists about subsurface warming in Enugu, despite previous studies confirming the presence of urban heat island in the area. This study analysed the subsurface urban heat island intensity in Enugu urban, using secondary urban subsoil temperature data set that was sourced from the Nigerian Meteorological Agency over 21 years (2000-2020). With an application known as grid, the rural subsoil temperature data set was gotten by downscaling that of the urban which is 40 km away. The statistical technique employed was Welch’s t-test. The study showed that the annual mean urban subsoil temperatures were generally warmer than that of the rural subsoil temperatures, with a mean difference or subsurface urban heat island intensity of 0.4°C. From the study, it was clear that the urban heat island effect occurred in the subsurface in Enugu, as it does above the ground. This study, to define urban and rural better, suggests that the use of the Local Climate Zone classification scheme should be considered in further research. A joint investigation of the three urban heat island categories in Enugu should also receive top priority in subsequent studies.
VL  - 11
IS  - 4
ER  -

Copy | Download